The dashed line represents weak hydrogen bonding between NH 3 and one molecule of diatomic hydrogen. 3-D perspective drawing of one anhydrous ammonia (NH 3) molecule suspended among many diatomic molecules of hydrogen. In a leaking H distribution system, NH 3 would diffuse rapidly upward into theįigure 1. Since it has no carbon atoms, it would leave no carbon soot residue, unlike mercaptans. For these reasons, NH 3 would travel well, and much better than CH 3CH 2SH, with H gas. Hydrogen bonding is not prevalent in the gaseous phase, and is only a concern in the liquid phase at low temperatures and high pressures. Having twice the bond-length of covalently bonded hydrogen atoms, such weak bonding would be easily broken with heat, pressure, and agitation, as the fuel is pushed along a hydrogen fuel distribution system, so that the NH 3 molecule would be carried freely with the fuel. Figure 1 shows that hydrogen bonding of HN 3 with diatomic hydrogen is weak, even in liquid phase. Kanezashi discovered, NH 3 has kinetic diameter of 0.33 nm, which is comparable to 0.29 nm for that of molecular hydrogen. Anhydrous ammonia (NH 3) is about half the weight of air. Ethyl mercaptan (CH 3CH 2SH), commonly used as odorant in natural gas and propane, is too big, having mass of 62 atomic mass units (amu), compared with 17 amu for NH 3. It is proposed to add 20 ppm to 100 ppm, and preferably 20 ppm, of anhydrous ammonia (NH 3), as an odor agent, to this H to allow detection of leaks by smell by humans, and to satisfy laws, which require an odor agent in fuels in a distribution system. may be converted into electrical power, and excess electrical power may be used to make hydrogen fuel (H), locally, by electrolysis from either water or methane or by steam-cracking methane or ammonia. Renewable, clean energy such as solar, wind, magma, river, wave, tidal power, etc. Proposals to Use NH 3 as Odor Agent in Hydrogen Fuel Therefore, there is a need to find an additive that adds an odor and travels well in H, so that leaks may be detected by smell, and to make a flame of burning H more easily seen at concentrations, which are not toxic.Ģ. At present, storing, transporting and burning H is considered too dangerous for public use. However, no odor agent has been used, commercially, with H.
reported a mean odor detection threshold for ammonia to be 2.6 ppm.
#Finetune odor trial#
Also reported, therein, is an A$5 million (US $4 million) trial in Adelaide, Australia to produce hydrogen from excess wind or solar cell electricity, and to inject it into the gas grid, and Northern Gas Networks’ £2-billion plan to convert all domestic users in Leeds, England to hydrogen. At Quartz Media LLC, Akshat Rathi reported, Cadent, the biggest British gas distribution company, has proposed spending £600 million ($800 million) to test providing hydrogen, instead of natural gas, through the same pipes. Another problem has been that a flame of burning H is pale and difficult to see. However, commercialization of H has been delayed, because some detectable odor agent or natural odor is required by law to be present in any fuel distribution system and mercaptans and other organic aromatic odor agents have molecular weights that are too heavy, relative to H, to travel with H, and to allow detection of H leaks by odor. Such energy may be converted and stored in the form of hydrogen fuel (H). Many remote locations of our planet are blessed with abundant natural, renewable energy sources, but electric power transmission lines from there to populated areas, where there is high demand for energy are not feasible, and electrical energy cannot be stored long-term in batteries. An ability to make, store and distribute H, made from local sources of renewable energy, would reduce a need for fossil fuels, especially in poor, remote communities, where it could improve their economy by creating an export product for sale, while reducing pollution. An application to make hypersonic H burning aircraft safer for ground maintenance crews is proposed.
Further research is suggested to identify optimum pressure, temperature, and automated technique for injecting NH 3 into H, and to chart the minimum concentration needed, as a function of temperature and humidity. Including this odor agent, would allow H to be distributed safely in pipes, as required by law, and it would allow H to be safely stored, transported, and exported for sale, and widely commercialized.
Preferably 20 ppm anhydrous ammonia (NH 3) is proposed to be added to hydrogen fuel (H) made from renewable energy sources (green hydrogen), so that H leaks may be easily detectable by smell, but not dangerously toxic.
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